Draft Novoadmiralteyskogo bridge and ecology
On the impending logging in case of construction of the bridge Novoadmiralteyskogo read here: http://community.livejournal.com/save_sp_burg/1797328.html
This, of course, not all environmental problems, which thus arise, but rather symbolic.
background and a selection of publications can also be viewed in the Living Cities Learn the appropriate tag
Monday, February 21, 2011
Friday, February 18, 2011
Sunday, February 13, 2011
Stores That Sell Rainbow Stuff
kliktivizm (clictivism)
new useful (точное) слово для обозначения нового распространённого явления. А вот насколько полезно само явление? Обсуждали эту тему с коллегами за кулисами тренинга Yaroslavl (thankyou Reid Nelson ), but did not come to some kind of a synthesis of views. On the one hand ... On the other hand ...
If you want to own something on this subject to understand - Click on the buttons at the bottom and examine your own feelings and thoughts about this.
new useful (точное) слово для обозначения нового распространённого явления. А вот насколько полезно само явление? Обсуждали эту тему с коллегами за кулисами тренинга Yaroslavl (thankyou Reid Nelson ), but did not come to some kind of a synthesis of views. On the one hand ... On the other hand ...
If you want to own something on this subject to understand - Click on the buttons at the bottom and examine your own feelings and thoughts about this.
Tuesday, February 8, 2011
Heroes 3 3d0 Letöltés
unlearned state - 2
still have to explain why the thesis "незнающем государстве" нужно принимать по умолчанию, а вот обратное надо доказывать - в каждом конкретном случае. Государство располагает недостаточной information by fundamental limitations, work around that it is unable to .
1) All citizens and economic actors to actively and passively resisted получению государством полной и достоверной информации о себе и своей деятельности. Это проявляется как в нормативных ограничениях (тайна личной информации, inviolability of the home), and of sabotage (see the history of the census and more recent - the scandal over the "pupil passport"). Ways to circumvent this limitation No, but to share power with the structures of the real self. And still ...
2) If the decision requires the forecast, it depends on factors which are beyond the control and evaluation of a particular administration. For example, the forecast of socio-economic development / Region may depend on famine in Africa or strikes at plants in Southeast Asia. Or the climate. For the situation in Russia say that the administration has no authority to fund research of these factors, otherwise it will kirdyk - unauthorized spending of budget funds. Who do not believe - learn fresh history of preparing a master plan for the city of Perm.
3) to aid decision making often requires information that is either impossible to obtain with the required accuracy at the time of the decision, or can be obtained only in retrospect. For example, the number of fish in the ocean for the distribution of quotas. Or forest area, passed beetle beginning of the next fire season. Accurate estimates of the cost will be commensurate with the cost of response measures.
4) Because of the status of public entities (governments), they can only operate within the approved procedures. In particular, for information and its analysis of the authorities use approved methods of data collection. Not to mention the fact that these techniques are no examinations do not pass, they systematically generate "blind spots" as directed to collect information on what has been a known problem at the time of their development! (Ie set at 10 years behind, at least in the case, for example, forest taxation methods - for 200 years;)) In addition, because of the instinct of self-government officials, they try to minimize the work required, including with - the development of techniques (in our practical experience - 100% of cases).
5) The device does not know the exact amount of work you have to do, because of several reasons: poor management (how realistic the administrative regulations have you seen?), depending on the number of work from external problems (including those created by citizens and other external factors) and the behavior of the authorities, which "puts the problem, ignoring with resources. Therefore, in practice the state power bodies are always in time trouble - if indeed they are trying to work. Even the problem of domestic resource allocation solved optimally (which creates some opportunities for ourselves and others lobbying).
6) "vertical of power" (hierarchy) leads to that the upper level - the level of decision-making - gets enough information in a very summary form, and long delays. A number of questions want to solve more than physical ability, "top officials". (According to American diplomats, leaked via WikiLeaks , at Gazprom have только два - ДВА - человека, которые могут вести международные переговоры: Миллер и ещё кто-то. Могут ли два человека удерживать в голове всю информацию, необходимую for making such decisions?)
7) Individuals and organizations that collect and process information, have their own economic interests, including - Extract quick profit, or, conversely, receiving a steady income. Creating expert information, they find themselves in an advantageous position in front of the customer (Bodies of state power), because the verification of their data and refunds for poorly executed work will cost about as much as the work itself. (Now this issue vigorously discussed in connection with the state order for sociological research.) "Expertise" does not solve anything, because at each examination there is another, which refute it.
still have to explain why the thesis "незнающем государстве" нужно принимать по умолчанию, а вот обратное надо доказывать - в каждом конкретном случае. Государство располагает недостаточной information by fundamental limitations, work around that it is unable to .
1) All citizens and economic actors to actively and passively resisted получению государством полной и достоверной информации о себе и своей деятельности. Это проявляется как в нормативных ограничениях (тайна личной информации, inviolability of the home), and of sabotage (see the history of the census and more recent - the scandal over the "pupil passport"). Ways to circumvent this limitation No, but to share power with the structures of the real self. And still ...
2) If the decision requires the forecast, it depends on factors which are beyond the control and evaluation of a particular administration. For example, the forecast of socio-economic development / Region may depend on famine in Africa or strikes at plants in Southeast Asia. Or the climate. For the situation in Russia say that the administration has no authority to fund research of these factors, otherwise it will kirdyk - unauthorized spending of budget funds. Who do not believe - learn fresh history of preparing a master plan for the city of Perm.
3) to aid decision making often requires information that is either impossible to obtain with the required accuracy at the time of the decision, or can be obtained only in retrospect. For example, the number of fish in the ocean for the distribution of quotas. Or forest area, passed beetle beginning of the next fire season. Accurate estimates of the cost will be commensurate with the cost of response measures.
4) Because of the status of public entities (governments), they can only operate within the approved procedures. In particular, for information and its analysis of the authorities use approved methods of data collection. Not to mention the fact that these techniques are no examinations do not pass, they systematically generate "blind spots" as directed to collect information on what has been a known problem at the time of their development! (Ie set at 10 years behind, at least in the case, for example, forest taxation methods - for 200 years;)) In addition, because of the instinct of self-government officials, they try to minimize the work required, including with - the development of techniques (in our practical experience - 100% of cases).
5) The device does not know the exact amount of work you have to do, because of several reasons: poor management (how realistic the administrative regulations have you seen?), depending on the number of work from external problems (including those created by citizens and other external factors) and the behavior of the authorities, which "puts the problem, ignoring with resources. Therefore, in practice the state power bodies are always in time trouble - if indeed they are trying to work. Even the problem of domestic resource allocation solved optimally (which creates some opportunities for ourselves and others lobbying).
6) "vertical of power" (hierarchy) leads to that the upper level - the level of decision-making - gets enough information in a very summary form, and long delays. A number of questions want to solve more than physical ability, "top officials". (According to American diplomats, leaked via WikiLeaks , at Gazprom have только два - ДВА - человека, которые могут вести международные переговоры: Миллер и ещё кто-то. Могут ли два человека удерживать в голове всю информацию, необходимую for making such decisions?)
7) Individuals and organizations that collect and process information, have their own economic interests, including - Extract quick profit, or, conversely, receiving a steady income. Creating expert information, they find themselves in an advantageous position in front of the customer (Bodies of state power), because the verification of their data and refunds for poorly executed work will cost about as much as the work itself. (Now this issue vigorously discussed in connection with the state order for sociological research.) "Expertise" does not solve anything, because at each examination there is another, which refute it.
Wrestling Promotion Name Generator
new law on protected areas of St. Petersburg - are discussing here
We have prepared a new draft law Zaks St. Petersburg "On specially protected natural areas of regional values in Saint Petersburg ". The idea is to "put into circulation," another very important category of protected areas of regional significance - natural parks. By current law in St. Petersburg can be formed only sanctuaries or monuments of nature. So, for example, Yelagin Island (Gorky Park) attempt to declare monument of nature - with all the palaces, pavilions, rides, etc.;) as well as some other historical manor park.
fact, for them to create a separate category of protected areas, but for some reason, the federal legislator has entrusted the powers of this kind of executive power. It is clear that they not pocheshutsya.
So now let it be natural parks. This is a convenient status and major natural arrays having recreational value, and for historical park, which is important to a combination of cultural heritage protection, nature conservation and recreational development. More details are set out in the Explanatory Note .
bill sent for legal advice, so that the text is likely to change. Discuss it here.
We have prepared a new draft law Zaks St. Petersburg "On specially protected natural areas of regional values in Saint Petersburg ". The idea is to "put into circulation," another very important category of protected areas of regional significance - natural parks. By current law in St. Petersburg can be formed only sanctuaries or monuments of nature. So, for example, Yelagin Island (Gorky Park) attempt to declare monument of nature - with all the palaces, pavilions, rides, etc.;) as well as some other historical manor park.
fact, for them to create a separate category of protected areas, but for some reason, the federal legislator has entrusted the powers of this kind of executive power. It is clear that they not pocheshutsya.
So now let it be natural parks. This is a convenient status and major natural arrays having recreational value, and for historical park, which is important to a combination of cultural heritage protection, nature conservation and recreational development. More details are set out in the Explanatory Note .
bill sent for legal advice, so that the text is likely to change. Discuss it here.
Saturday, February 5, 2011
Sparknotes Frankenstein Sympathy
unlearned State
long wanted to write about it. Express explicitly, to justify, prove, analyze the bones of practical experience, which is undeniable (to me) proves: in most cases, Taking regulations or individual decisions, "power" does not know what does. For foreign seriousness lurks chaos random selection, planning "Made by" kopipasta making the last century and fantastic delusions. Therefore, to make any serious bid for the state in addressing environmental, social or any other problems - stupid, comparable in scale only to themselves silly attempts to state something to decide, not particularly knowing neither the problem nor the solution, not the consequences.
We call this concept of "unknowing state" for ease of notation in everyday speech. Ie, State - is such a child-giant, who is doing something in Lilliput, perceiving the world through their children's performances. Maybe crush but not clever, so you can escape. ... Possible and some other metaphor invented.
I was lucky that all of this to justify myself do not have enough read a popular article of Auzan of the new institutional economics: Part 1 • Part 2 • Part 3 • Part 4 • Part 5 • Часть 6 • Часть 7 • Часть 8 • Часть 9
Но для памяти соберу здесь самые показательные цитаты, чтобы объяснить, с чем именно have to deal in practice.
In fact, the idea that man has unlimited rational faculties refuted by life experiences of each of us .... of the provisions of bounded rationality of people does not mean that they are stupid. This means they do not have the ability to process full information, but have a simple algorithm to solve a lot of different issues.
... if you do not intend to become a commodity, and to engage in a lengthy analysis of the market, your free will when making consumer decisions lies in the fact that you choose between ... three rules. For you, it's a tool that helps to step through step, or six, which allows take the height. And say what you - whether you want to display their wealth and snobbery, or just do what makes your colleagues, friends and neighbors. В любом случае, вы поступаете рационально — вы решаете задачку.
Но люди ведь еще и не ангелы. Они нередко пытаются обойти те условия and rules of life which they are offered. One of the most striking examples of how these mechanisms - the market model "lemons", for which Economist George Akerlof won the Nobel Prize in 2002. ... Not having these rules ( "institutions" ), we obtain the so-called "worsening отбор». Причем то, что Акерлоф доказал на примере рынка подержанных автомобилей, работает, к примеру, в российском государственном аппарате. Если вы не понимаете, какие общественные блага и для кого производит российское государство, то критерии отбора ( в госаппарате ) связаны с тем, as chief commends the work of a staff member. As a result, his career will not do that, who better to produce goods - worsening the selection works whenever the consumer is not able to assess the quality of the product.
... notions of bounded rationality and opportunism are distributed not only in human relations with each other, but, for example, on their relationship with the state. The very essence quite illusory - как и сущность «народ», она является объектом манипулирования человеческой особи или по крайней мере группы человеческих особей. И потому институциональные Economists do not talk about the state - they are talking about the rulers and their agents.
... people are very peculiar to exaggerate some dangers. For example, we can assume that we continuously record the special services that control our lives. Have you ever tried to calculate how much will it cost this kind of tracking? Ten years ago I was in the German department, where an archive of the Stasi, East Germany political police. There was a full house, strewn undeciphered tapes - wiretapping 1970. Over 40 years of the Stasi провела около миллиона дел-наблюдений, которые при этом далеко не всегда заканчивались арестом или, тем более, осуждением. Их ведением занимались семь million people, that is, one only a matter of observation, had seven people. So do not be too high an opinion of the value of their own person. If you think that the special service you are strongly interested in, understand that they have to spend a rather big resources for this operation. The same way, terms of organized crime ...
... in the case of the formal institutions of rule violation is not always will be seen, no matter how effective or was monitored. And in case of violation of informal institutions will be seen almost certainly After all, the observance of these rules insist people who are constantly around you, that you are breathing the same air. Secondly, the stigma - the highest penalty provided by informal institutions - may prove more terrible punishment than the death penalty - the highest мера, предусмотренная институтами формальными.
...в 1970-е годы замечательные советские экономисты, основываясь на работах одного из двух наших нобелевских Prize winners in Economics, Academician Kantorovich, made the system optimal functioning of the economy. But to whom they are addressed? After all, they are generally understood that the country manages the politburo, with its domestic interests, domestic competition, not always with complete secondary education ... But the people who created the system of optimal functioning of the Soviet economy, was the idea that there is some entity that a reasonable and all-good - State, which will take their suggestions and implements. And these ideas are still alive. The problem is that power is not limitless rational. Its rationality, that is, rational people are its components, is quite limited. The expectation that the government can do everything is based on the unrealistic notion of what those in power are gods, but it is not.
And even more interesting in the Russian context, talking about the second type of transaction, vertical. From the perspective of institutional theory, an attempt to build a vertical (ie power) is pretty funny - because the institutional theory has long found that the vertical line can not be built. Where is built vertical, there are prohibitively high-cost management. ... in any vertical right who is at the top is limited by a number of factors, including your interests and your ability to not follow the rules of contract .... more chains of transmission of information, the larger the hierarchy itself, the greater the potential distortion in the transmission sites. But the most ambitious hierarchy - this, of course, the state. In the early 2000's, when we were engaged in de-bureaucratization of the Russian economy, one of the newspapers was very successful caricature. The President said the Prime Minister: "We must help small businesses. His terrorized, so you can not live, it needs development. " Premier says members of the government: "There's problems in small business, we have to solve them." Interior Minister says the chief of management: "There's something a small business ... In general, something to do with it. " Head of Department said the policeman: "There's this small business took a general. Davie him to hell! "This is not some kind of Russian specifics, but the general pattern. When a certain number of units and in the presence of their own интересов в каждом узле сигнал может искажаться с точностью до противоположного.
There is even a special term "Failures of bureaucracy, which, incidentally, was formulated by the economist Gordon Tullock not totalitarian example, as an example of American officialdom. If market failures closes the bureaucracy, who closes her own failures?
If you are, say, bake pies, then when you sell them, on the money you can buy flour to bake pies and again. And if you engage in public activities, all happening anyway. You've done something good for people that they popolzovavshis - and all. Next you will again do something good, people enjoy it again, but as ensured the reproducibility of all this activity, is unclear. Meanwhile, she is playing, and on a massive scale - very much of what we used to take the result of government action, in fact it is the result of social activity.
Well, a few quotes that are relevant to the development of solutions for management problems.
When in 1991 I first came to the U.S., I was struck by the contrast. In the USSR, construction was considered a respectable activity, and trade - the lowlands. In America, I discovered that Trade is a very respected occupation and construction - in some doubt. In part, such perceptions justified by the fact that the construction of - much stronger than to trade - sticks mafia. Because if the trade to steal a third of turnover, the business would collapse, and if the construction to steal a third of the materials, the building will still be standing. But more importantly: in construction there are opportunities for blackmail. In control theory even formulated the so-called "principle of Cheops:" since the Pyramid of Cheops no building was constructed in compliance with the terms and estimates. Going into this process, you are forced him to continue.
Before Coase Theorem look at the world of economists of different schools was simple: there is an ideal model to which we aspire, and there is reality. If you want to live happily ever after, you have only one way. However, one school says that you need to go to the right, another - to the left, while the third - just. But the choice between the best and worst case actually - no not a choice. It's like in the movie "The Foundling": "Tell me a little, what do you want? To thee severed head or go to the cottage? "But if based on the ideas of transaction costs and choosing from a variety of options, the world looks different, it has no normative images, but there are many roads, and none of them does not lead to perfection. Everywhere you will have some displaced damages, costs and its own set of pluses and cons, and you must choose what is right for you.
all manufactured goods can be divided by the level of transaction costs into three classes - the studied, experienced and trustworthy ... Depending on the level and type of costs you have to use completely different institutions, and if you make a mistake, the transaction costs do not fall, and rise, the frictional force will increase.
so that there was effective private property, require many additional conditions - for example, a functioning judicial system. And in order that there is a real and effective state property, we need different conditions - for example, working feedback system of budgetary control. Inscription "State property "may indicate that in fact it belongs to the ruler or his agents, officials, as was the late Soviet time. Or maybe it's just the regime of free access: "Drop from the factory every nail, you're the boss here, not a guest."
When we in Russia comes to choosing between different modes of ownership, arguing mainly about private property and state. But we do proves dramatically underestimated another mode - communal. ... the phenomenon of communal ownership has been studied for quite some time. For example, a brilliant economist James Buchanan and Gordon Tullock have investigated him in connection with the zoning of cities - where they should be residential, business and economic areas, how they should be arranged (by the way, a very topical issue for Russia today). Typically, when the city zoning was considered only two options - or public property or private. But the communal property for the city is no less important. It is necessary, where you can not something done without the consent of residents.
... for all its simplicity, private property - quite a mysterious thing. But it is also quite expensive mode of ownership. If the communal property regime can enter fairly quickly, in order to enter into an effective regime of private property, you must first spend money on a lot of things: Legalization, inventories, records, property titles, information databases, and so on. But the private mode, as compared with the utility, has a much lower cost in making difficult innovations. It поэтому надежды социалистов на то, что коммунальная собственность станет доминирующей в западных обществах, не оправдались: чем больше и неоднороднее group that makes decisions, the higher the search costs of the agreement.
And in general - need to read all the articles in full.
long wanted to write about it. Express explicitly, to justify, prove, analyze the bones of practical experience, which is undeniable (to me) proves: in most cases, Taking regulations or individual decisions, "power" does not know what does. For foreign seriousness lurks chaos random selection, planning "Made by" kopipasta making the last century and fantastic delusions. Therefore, to make any serious bid for the state in addressing environmental, social or any other problems - stupid, comparable in scale only to themselves silly attempts to state something to decide, not particularly knowing neither the problem nor the solution, not the consequences.
We call this concept of "unknowing state" for ease of notation in everyday speech. Ie, State - is such a child-giant, who is doing something in Lilliput, perceiving the world through their children's performances. Maybe crush but not clever, so you can escape. ... Possible and some other metaphor invented.
I was lucky that all of this to justify myself do not have enough read a popular article of Auzan of the new institutional economics: Part 1 • Part 2 • Part 3 • Part 4 • Part 5 • Часть 6 • Часть 7 • Часть 8 • Часть 9
Но для памяти соберу здесь самые показательные цитаты, чтобы объяснить, с чем именно have to deal in practice.
In fact, the idea that man has unlimited rational faculties refuted by life experiences of each of us .... of the provisions of bounded rationality of people does not mean that they are stupid. This means they do not have the ability to process full information, but have a simple algorithm to solve a lot of different issues.
... if you do not intend to become a commodity, and to engage in a lengthy analysis of the market, your free will when making consumer decisions lies in the fact that you choose between ... three rules. For you, it's a tool that helps to step through step, or six, which allows take the height. And say what you - whether you want to display their wealth and snobbery, or just do what makes your colleagues, friends and neighbors. В любом случае, вы поступаете рационально — вы решаете задачку.
Но люди ведь еще и не ангелы. Они нередко пытаются обойти те условия and rules of life which they are offered. One of the most striking examples of how these mechanisms - the market model "lemons", for which Economist George Akerlof won the Nobel Prize in 2002. ... Not having these rules ( "institutions" ), we obtain the so-called "worsening отбор». Причем то, что Акерлоф доказал на примере рынка подержанных автомобилей, работает, к примеру, в российском государственном аппарате. Если вы не понимаете, какие общественные блага и для кого производит российское государство, то критерии отбора ( в госаппарате ) связаны с тем, as chief commends the work of a staff member. As a result, his career will not do that, who better to produce goods - worsening the selection works whenever the consumer is not able to assess the quality of the product.
... notions of bounded rationality and opportunism are distributed not only in human relations with each other, but, for example, on their relationship with the state. The very essence quite illusory - как и сущность «народ», она является объектом манипулирования человеческой особи или по крайней мере группы человеческих особей. И потому институциональные Economists do not talk about the state - they are talking about the rulers and their agents.
... people are very peculiar to exaggerate some dangers. For example, we can assume that we continuously record the special services that control our lives. Have you ever tried to calculate how much will it cost this kind of tracking? Ten years ago I was in the German department, where an archive of the Stasi, East Germany political police. There was a full house, strewn undeciphered tapes - wiretapping 1970. Over 40 years of the Stasi провела около миллиона дел-наблюдений, которые при этом далеко не всегда заканчивались арестом или, тем более, осуждением. Их ведением занимались семь million people, that is, one only a matter of observation, had seven people. So do not be too high an opinion of the value of their own person. If you think that the special service you are strongly interested in, understand that they have to spend a rather big resources for this operation. The same way, terms of organized crime ...
... in the case of the formal institutions of rule violation is not always will be seen, no matter how effective or was monitored. And in case of violation of informal institutions will be seen almost certainly After all, the observance of these rules insist people who are constantly around you, that you are breathing the same air. Secondly, the stigma - the highest penalty provided by informal institutions - may prove more terrible punishment than the death penalty - the highest мера, предусмотренная институтами формальными.
...в 1970-е годы замечательные советские экономисты, основываясь на работах одного из двух наших нобелевских Prize winners in Economics, Academician Kantorovich, made the system optimal functioning of the economy. But to whom they are addressed? After all, they are generally understood that the country manages the politburo, with its domestic interests, domestic competition, not always with complete secondary education ... But the people who created the system of optimal functioning of the Soviet economy, was the idea that there is some entity that a reasonable and all-good - State, which will take their suggestions and implements. And these ideas are still alive. The problem is that power is not limitless rational. Its rationality, that is, rational people are its components, is quite limited. The expectation that the government can do everything is based on the unrealistic notion of what those in power are gods, but it is not.
clear that opportunistic behavior may outside power, but also within the government. And if it is also formed taking into account the effect uhudshayuschego selection, just very likely that the power вы столкнетесь с людьми, которые не ограничены соображениями морали.
Применительно к войне формальных и неформальных институтов институциональные Economists say the so-called errors of the first and second kind in the design of laws. First - this is an error, which is a consequence of limited rationality, and the second - an error which is a consequence of opportunistic behavior, which is already in the design of the law laid corruption trap. And in Russia, I must say, for many centuries, the law was constructed with a huge number of errors than the first but the second kind. This is both consistent with the interests of the corrupt bureaucracy and political interests of the higher echelons of power. You know how doctors say that there is no healthy people, there are people nedoissledovannye? And in Russia there is no innocent people, there are people nedorassledovannye. When the body of laws drafted so that to fulfill them all is impossible in principle, everyone is potentially criminal, and the general population is much easier to manage. As a result, formed a social contract in which the officials the current system is advantageous because they can extract from her income, and power it is advantageous, because it can easily control both the population and officials - all of them are in the area outside the law.
And even more interesting in the Russian context, talking about the second type of transaction, vertical. From the perspective of institutional theory, an attempt to build a vertical (ie power) is pretty funny - because the institutional theory has long found that the vertical line can not be built. Where is built vertical, there are prohibitively high-cost management. ... in any vertical right who is at the top is limited by a number of factors, including your interests and your ability to not follow the rules of contract .... more chains of transmission of information, the larger the hierarchy itself, the greater the potential distortion in the transmission sites. But the most ambitious hierarchy - this, of course, the state. In the early 2000's, when we were engaged in de-bureaucratization of the Russian economy, one of the newspapers was very successful caricature. The President said the Prime Minister: "We must help small businesses. His terrorized, so you can not live, it needs development. " Premier says members of the government: "There's problems in small business, we have to solve them." Interior Minister says the chief of management: "There's something a small business ... In general, something to do with it. " Head of Department said the policeman: "There's this small business took a general. Davie him to hell! "This is not some kind of Russian specifics, but the general pattern. When a certain number of units and in the presence of their own интересов в каждом узле сигнал может искажаться с точностью до противоположного.
Государственная иерархия — это игра в испорченный телефон. The difference is that the game is no pressure selfish interests, and in the government hierarchy - is. Under the impact of bounded rationality and opportunistic behavior - both from below and from above - from the vertical are some strange scheme, about which we can argue only in the style of "and where the greens in the scheme." And this is the result of transaction costs that are inherent in this method of transaction, when property rights and freedom are organized through the principle of command.
Hayek failed to see the property is private property, which allowed her so rapidly spread in the telecommunications and information revolution 1970-80-x. This is due to a property with so-called "tacit knowledge". Everyone knows pretty much that is not easily transferable to another person. For example, the farmer knows that the right side of his field in April puddles gather and plant vegetables should be first on the left-beds, and then on the right. It's many years of experience. Now imagine how many people need and effort to the entire amount of his knowledge to verbalize and make clear to another person. And he can forget something, anything to say on purpose ... So when a situation arises in which knowledge is becoming an important factor in the functioning of a company (whether farm firm or plant), the most credible and effective choice - to make the holder of knowledge by the owner of the enterprise. Then he will use them to full coil.
There is even a special term "Failures of bureaucracy, which, incidentally, was formulated by the economist Gordon Tullock not totalitarian example, as an example of American officialdom. If market failures closes the bureaucracy, who closes her own failures?
If you are, say, bake pies, then when you sell them, on the money you can buy flour to bake pies and again. And if you engage in public activities, all happening anyway. You've done something good for people that they popolzovavshis - and all. Next you will again do something good, people enjoy it again, but as ensured the reproducibility of all this activity, is unclear. Meanwhile, she is playing, and on a massive scale - very much of what we used to take the result of government action, in fact it is the result of social activity.
Well, a few quotes that are relevant to the development of solutions for management problems.
When in 1991 I first came to the U.S., I was struck by the contrast. In the USSR, construction was considered a respectable activity, and trade - the lowlands. In America, I discovered that Trade is a very respected occupation and construction - in some doubt. In part, such perceptions justified by the fact that the construction of - much stronger than to trade - sticks mafia. Because if the trade to steal a third of turnover, the business would collapse, and if the construction to steal a third of the materials, the building will still be standing. But more importantly: in construction there are opportunities for blackmail. In control theory even formulated the so-called "principle of Cheops:" since the Pyramid of Cheops no building was constructed in compliance with the terms and estimates. Going into this process, you are forced him to continue.
Before Coase Theorem look at the world of economists of different schools was simple: there is an ideal model to which we aspire, and there is reality. If you want to live happily ever after, you have only one way. However, one school says that you need to go to the right, another - to the left, while the third - just. But the choice between the best and worst case actually - no not a choice. It's like in the movie "The Foundling": "Tell me a little, what do you want? To thee severed head or go to the cottage? "But if based on the ideas of transaction costs and choosing from a variety of options, the world looks different, it has no normative images, but there are many roads, and none of them does not lead to perfection. Everywhere you will have some displaced damages, costs and its own set of pluses and cons, and you must choose what is right for you.
all manufactured goods can be divided by the level of transaction costs into three classes - the studied, experienced and trustworthy ... Depending on the level and type of costs you have to use completely different institutions, and if you make a mistake, the transaction costs do not fall, and rise, the frictional force will increase.
so that there was effective private property, require many additional conditions - for example, a functioning judicial system. And in order that there is a real and effective state property, we need different conditions - for example, working feedback system of budgetary control. Inscription "State property "may indicate that in fact it belongs to the ruler or his agents, officials, as was the late Soviet time. Or maybe it's just the regime of free access: "Drop from the factory every nail, you're the boss here, not a guest."
When we in Russia comes to choosing between different modes of ownership, arguing mainly about private property and state. But we do proves dramatically underestimated another mode - communal. ... the phenomenon of communal ownership has been studied for quite some time. For example, a brilliant economist James Buchanan and Gordon Tullock have investigated him in connection with the zoning of cities - where they should be residential, business and economic areas, how they should be arranged (by the way, a very topical issue for Russia today). Typically, when the city zoning was considered only two options - or public property or private. But the communal property for the city is no less important. It is necessary, where you can not something done without the consent of residents.
... for all its simplicity, private property - quite a mysterious thing. But it is also quite expensive mode of ownership. If the communal property regime can enter fairly quickly, in order to enter into an effective regime of private property, you must first spend money on a lot of things: Legalization, inventories, records, property titles, information databases, and so on. But the private mode, as compared with the utility, has a much lower cost in making difficult innovations. It поэтому надежды социалистов на то, что коммунальная собственность станет доминирующей в западных обществах, не оправдались: чем больше и неоднороднее group that makes decisions, the higher the search costs of the agreement.
And in general - need to read all the articles in full.
Tuesday, February 1, 2011
Eight Ball Leather Jacket
Environmental Law. 6.
Fragment of manuscript:)) So - Neprichesanoe.
Key provisions of the new institutional theory I seem to be quite applicable for analysis of the processes of public participation, which can be represented as a set of "transactions" (agreements) between the parties with economic interests.
One of the founders new institutional theory of Ronald Coase and his followers were considered a very broad context of transactions, including those associated with drawing "Environmental" damage. One of them is considered Help Roman Kapelyushnikov .
followers of Coase's theorem was formulated, named after him and became one of the key theorems neoinstitutsionalizma. It reads: "if property rights are clearly defined and transaction costs are zero , then the allocation of resources (production structure), as determined in the course of trading (transactions) will remain unchanged and effective regardless from changes in the distribution of property rights. "
regard to public discussion of the design documentation can be said that it would allow develop an effective solution in cases where the clearly defined rights (ownership) of the participants of the transaction and transaction costs are zero. How these assumptions are satisfied?
In conflicts around these projects and economic activity face a real property right, and environmental rights: the right to a healthy environment, an environment of life, etc. From the perspective of institutional economics These rights are not worse than property rights. It is quite possible to present the deal, which records, for example, the agreement affect the illumination in an apartment in exchange for to some monetary compensation.
However, in Russia, recognition of environmental rights is largely dependent on the arbitrary decisions of officials, because it is "competent authorities" make commit violations, and give an interpretation favorable or unfavorable environmental environment. That is what leads to the fact that environmental issues fall out of public debate, because the arguments addressed to the "environmental rights" are not "solid": at any moment can be disavowed official.
Other adverse environmental property rights in Russia is that they have a "threshold" character: the regulations establish certain thresholds that separate the "favorable" state of the environment from "unfavorable." In view of these circumstances, any change in environmental quality to the threshold value "worth nothing", how have materially from the perspective of the citizens it was not because it is impossible for him to demand any compensation. But any changes in the environment that lead to exceed the threshold, no matter how small they were compared with the accumulated damage to environment, "stand" for as long as the project itself economic activity, since they allow to demand its closure in accordance with applicable law.
These properties make it difficult generation of cost-effective public agreements based on the concept of environmental rights.
Fragment of manuscript:)) So - Neprichesanoe.
Key provisions of the new institutional theory I seem to be quite applicable for analysis of the processes of public participation, which can be represented as a set of "transactions" (agreements) between the parties with economic interests.
One of the founders new institutional theory of Ronald Coase and his followers were considered a very broad context of transactions, including those associated with drawing "Environmental" damage. One of them is considered Help Roman Kapelyushnikov .
followers of Coase's theorem was formulated, named after him and became one of the key theorems neoinstitutsionalizma. It reads: "if property rights are clearly defined and transaction costs are zero , then the allocation of resources (production structure), as determined in the course of trading (transactions) will remain unchanged and effective regardless from changes in the distribution of property rights. "
regard to public discussion of the design documentation can be said that it would allow develop an effective solution in cases where the clearly defined rights (ownership) of the participants of the transaction and transaction costs are zero. How these assumptions are satisfied?
In conflicts around these projects and economic activity face a real property right, and environmental rights: the right to a healthy environment, an environment of life, etc. From the perspective of institutional economics These rights are not worse than property rights. It is quite possible to present the deal, which records, for example, the agreement affect the illumination in an apartment in exchange for to some monetary compensation.
However, in Russia, recognition of environmental rights is largely dependent on the arbitrary decisions of officials, because it is "competent authorities" make commit violations, and give an interpretation favorable or unfavorable environmental environment. That is what leads to the fact that environmental issues fall out of public debate, because the arguments addressed to the "environmental rights" are not "solid": at any moment can be disavowed official.
Other adverse environmental property rights in Russia is that they have a "threshold" character: the regulations establish certain thresholds that separate the "favorable" state of the environment from "unfavorable." In view of these circumstances, any change in environmental quality to the threshold value "worth nothing", how have materially from the perspective of the citizens it was not because it is impossible for him to demand any compensation. But any changes in the environment that lead to exceed the threshold, no matter how small they were compared with the accumulated damage to environment, "stand" for as long as the project itself economic activity, since they allow to demand its closure in accordance with applicable law.
These properties make it difficult generation of cost-effective public agreements based on the concept of environmental rights.
Chicken Foot Dominoes
results of traditional inventory ZNOP on Vasilevsky Island
"Vaska" finished - processed data inventory of parks and gardens, collected in autumn 2010. That's what happens (pictures to view full size):
The next step - Primorsky district. Unfortunately, there still not all sections are passed by inspectors . So we'll have someone to ask for a stroll at the area in the winter ... And still have to ask the deputy Sukhenko financially support materials processing field research, because otherwise, this work will extend all know how much.
way, Vasilevsky Island "draw" with the support of Kovalev.
Yes, an explanation of the symbols: dark green - the area of plantations in general use, light-green - territrii intra-squares.
"Vaska" finished - processed data inventory of parks and gardens, collected in autumn 2010. That's what happens (pictures to view full size):
| by operation of law. | According People's inventory of 2010. | |
| MO 7 |  |  |
| MO 8 |  |  |
| MO 9 |  |  |
| MO 10 |  |  |
| MO 11 |  |  |
The next step - Primorsky district. Unfortunately, there still not all sections are passed by inspectors . So we'll have someone to ask for a stroll at the area in the winter ... And still have to ask the deputy Sukhenko financially support materials processing field research, because otherwise, this work will extend all know how much.
way, Vasilevsky Island "draw" with the support of Kovalev.
Yes, an explanation of the symbols: dark green - the area of plantations in general use, light-green - territrii intra-squares.
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